Category Archives: Uncategorized

Two Ruined Lives: Boy 15 shoots sister

A sad but uniquely American happening

The teen likely killed his sister sometime after 8 a.m., when his parents left to go grocery shopping in Fort Smith, about 40 miles away, Boen said. The boy turned himself in at the sheriff’s department about an hour and a half later.

And:

Guns were confiscated from the family’s home and vehicle, the sheriff said. Authorities were trying to determine which weapon was used in the shooting.

Medicynical Note:  More than two lives ruined.  If you must have guns, please keep them locked up.

Product Line! Bottom Line! The New Paradigm for Medicine—Sleep Apnea

In the past 30 years the diagnosis of sleep apnea has gone from being an oddity to a mainline healthcare business.  Testing and prescribing has become a niche that provides lucrative revenue to specialized businesses.   As noted here:

It’s a condition shown to increase the risk of several serious illnesses, including heart disease, stroke and dementia. Critics, however, worry that overnight tests to diagnose apnea, particularly those done in sleep labs, may be over-prescribed, at great cost to the health care system.

Testing can be a lucrative business, and labs have popped up in free-standing clinics and hospitals across the country. Over the past decade, the number of accredited sleep labs that test for the disorder has quadrupled, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

At the same time, insurer spending on the procedure has skyrocketed. Medicare payments for sleep testing increased from $62 million in 2001 to $235 million in 2009, according to the Office of the Inspector General.

And:

It’s no secret that the sleep business can be lucrative for physicians. A website for Aviisha, a sleep testing company, has a special page for physicians showing a picture of a doctor with a stack of money in his lab coat pocket. And in February, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine is offering a seminar on the “business of sleep medicine for physicians” at a golf resort in Arizona.

Insurers are catching on and limiting the expensive on site testing encouraging  more use of home testing. 

What’s most interesting about this expenditure is that while there is extensive data showing a short-term improvement in symptoms with treatment there is no long term outcome data documenting effectiveness.  As noted in this presentation by Henry Glick of the University of Pennsylvania from the American Thoracic Society in 2010:

Given the large number of studies, why hasn’t the
question been satisfactorily answered?

  • Shares with health problems such as obesity the fact that while it “makes sense” that treatment should avoid outcomes such as heart attacks and stroke, but no trial has ever demonstrated that treatment actually avoids these outcomes (Medicynical Emphasis)

Medicynical Note:  As noted in a 1999 article on the costs of sleep apnea,

We conclude that patients with undiagnosed sleep apnea had considerably higher medical costs than age and sex matched individuals and that the severity of sleep-disordered breathing was associated with the magnitude of medical costs. Using available data on the prevalence of undiagnosed moderate to severe sleep apnea in middle-aged adults, we estimate that untreated sleep apnea may cause $3.4 billion (probably ten times that amount today) in additional medical costs in the U.S.  Whether medical cost savings occur with treatment of sleep apnea remains to be determined.

Confusing any study of outcomes is the fact that of those treated with CPAP  machines (continues positive pressure) only a minority, perhaps a small minority, continue to use them.

I conclude then, that there is a problem called sleep apnea, caused to a great extent by obesity.   We know, also, that an expensive diagnosis and treatment industry has evolved to manage this problem.  Sleep apnea diagnosis has become a product line for many companies.   There is evidence that  treatments,  some surgical and permanent and others temporary with use of oral appliances and/or machines may (CPAP) improve some symptoms.  But there is no evidence, at this time, that these treatments prevent long term complications (cardiovascular or pulmonary) and death.   For all we know, people treated may have exactly the same outcome as those not treated.

This raising the question of what is a cost effective approach for this problem?  Is our current approach  the most medically effective or do we need to rethink the whole thing?

Health Care Cost’s Moderating? Good News?

The U.S. leads the world in health care spending per-capita.  We spend over 2.5 trillion dollars a year (over 8,000/person) on medical expenses but still have 50 million people lacking health insurance and assured access to care—I don’t count “free” ER access as assured care.  This is one and a half to two times the expenditures of other industrialized countries.

We’ve an approach to health care that’s become unaffordable to most people.  Our country leads the world in bankruptcy due to medical expenses.  To tell the truth such a category is unheard of in other industrialized countries. 

One can cautiously take the recent news that health expenses are “only” increasing at the rate of inflation as progress in gaining control over these expenditures:

Still, the increases for 2010 and 2009 were the lowest measured in 51 years. And health care as a share of the economy leveled off at 17.9 percent, the first time in a decade there’s been no growth.

But:

The main reason for the slowdown was that Americans were more frugal in their use of health care, from postponing elective surgery to using generic drugs and thinking twice about that late-night visit to the emergency room.

Medicynical Note:  After increasing at multiples of inflation for years, health care spending seems to have finally become unaffordable, thanks to increasing  deductibles, co-pays, inadequate coverage  and lack of coverage for over 50 million citizens. 

In these hard economic times we’ve proven that rationing by ability to pay works.  It’s however a blunt instrument.  People lacking resources cut back on care, whether it’s really needed or not.  We may lose a few but then we’re saving money.

Progress?  No.  Rational?  No.

The American Sportsman? Our Rather Sick Gun Culture

In this undated photo provided by the Pierce County Sheriff's Dept., Benjamin Colton Barnes, is shown. Officials said Barnes is a person of interest in the fatal shooting of a park ranger at Mount Rainier National Park, Sunday, Jan. 1, 2012 in Washington State.

It’s alleged that this man shot several people in Washington State this weekend. 

What’s the rationale for these weapons in a civil society? None seem appropriate for hunting; they don’t even seem reasonable, correct me if I’m wrong, for personal security.  Only in America.

Regulation: Save Us from Ourselves

More evidence that children need supervision in the sandbox.  Despite yeoman’s work by Heritage Foundation and the republican party to obfuscate the causes of the financial meltdown—and blame government.  It’s emerging that companies without supervision, when money is involved, do foolish sometimes cynical things.  Take this for example:

Nearly four years ago, we first reported on allegations that Countrywide Financial, the failed lender that was bought by Bank of America after it collapsed, had their system set up so that non-white loan applicants were steered toward subprime loans, even if they could have qualified for a standard mortgage. Well, the wheels of justice turn remarkably slowly in Washington, DC, but today the Justice Dept. finally announced a settlement with BofA for $335 million over these allegations.

Medicynical Note:  The problem was not regulation but rather greed.  And as we’ve noted previously similar issues abound in the medical sphere.  Consider the escalating prices of drugs for people with serious life threatening illnesses; salaries of health related companies executives; the costs of our health care non-system (the highest per capita in the world). 

Sadly, unfettered capitalism opens the door to an empty room.

Multiple Insuers Without Regulation = Higher Practice Overhead

There is extreme waste for practitioners in our non-standardized way of filing for payment from multiple insurers.

Medical practices in the U.S. spend nearly four times as many hours a week dealing with insurers than do practices in Canada, at nearly four times the cost, researchers found.

And:

The researchers estimated that physician practices in Canada spend $22,205 per physician per year interacting with Canada’s single-payer agency. By contrast, U.S. physicians are spending $82,975 per doctor per year.

Medicynical note: The health care reform so reviled by republicans will correct this problem, not by going single payer, but simply by requiring insurers to use a standardized form. 

Pervasive conflicts of interest in Medical Journal Reports

More on conflicts of interest: and here too:

Economic ties that could bias drug trials and patient care might remain hidden due to tangled disclosure rules at medical journals, a new study reveals.

Researchers found that of 131 cancer journals, only 112 had policies requiring researchers to state conflicts of interest, such as drugmaker stock ownership or speaker fees. And among journals that did have such policies, the rules were all over the map.

“Journals can’t even agree on what a conflict of interest means,” said Dr. Aaron S. Kesselheim of the Harvard Medical School in Boston. “It is certainly confusing to authors and to readers.”

Scores of studies have shown that when researchers have a financial stake in their work, their reports are more likely to promote drugs and downplay side effects.

Medicynical note: It’s hard not to be a little cynical. There’s nothing new here. We’ve the perfect system to make money not to deliver effective health care. In our country big money trumps reason.

ASCO 2011: Cost Effectiveness Abstracts Pancreatic Cancer, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, Follicular Lymphoma

These are the last of the very few chemotherapy drug cost-effectiveness studies at ASCO 2011. As noted in previous posts, there very few such studies.

1. Cost effectiveness of systemic therapies for Pancreatic Cancer: (abstract 6114) This study is an incremental cost study comparing the costs of gemcytibine(G), gemcytibine + capecitibine (G+C), gemcytibine + erlotinib (G+E), and FOLFIRINOX (FFX 5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin).

The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of G+C, G+E and FFX when compared to G were $82,982/QALY, $204,952/QALY and $154,323/QALY, respectively.

The cost of treatment in Canadian dollars was $29,5650 for G, $34,100 for G+C, $46,900 for G+E and $66,000 for FFX. Life expectance was .677 years for G, .76 years for G+C, .79 years for G+E and 1.005 years for FFX.

Medicynical Note: The limited benefit and significant toxicity of the additional treatments highlight our lack of an effective intervention for this diagnosis.

2. Comparison of costs of nilotinib and imatinib in chronic myelogenous leukemia (Abstract 6572) This is a drug company sponsored comparative efficacy study and concludes that the nilotinib is a cost effective alternative to imatinib.

Medicynical Note: The drug costs cited in this study appear to be 3/4 to 1/2 that experienced in the U.S. for example $602,605 over 17.3 years= $34,832/year. In the US costs are cited as between $48,000 and $98,000/year.

3. Cost effectiveness of cetuximab bevacizumab and panitumumab in metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with KRAS (wt) tumors: This is another incremental cost effectiveness analysis sponsored by a drug company. It found that cetuximab was more cost effective than the others in addition to FOLFIRI in patients with KRAS tumors.

Medicynical note: Increment cost effective studies do not add the base costs of FOLFIRI to the analysis. It’s uncertain what the total cost per QALY is compared with other regimens but the study does affirm that cetuximab adds close to $50,000 (conversion from £30,000) to the cost of a QALY.

4. Economic impact of rituximab as maintenance therapy in untreated follicular lymphoma: This drug company sponsored study based on a Markov model found that use of rituximab was cost effective. The cost of a QALY was between $17,000 and $35,000 depending on the relative risk reduction in time to progression.

Medicynical note: I don’t trust drug company studies that do not actually measure costs or outcomes. Using a “model” affords too much room to fiddle with results. Most follicular lymphoma patient do well with watchful waiting rather than immediate therapy. It’s doubtful, in my view, that this is a cost effective intervention.

See here for more discussion of the concept and the fact that other studies of maintenance rituximab show no survival benefit.

However, there was no significant difference in overall survival among the 3 groups, and 96% of the patients are still alive in each group. Whether overall survival will be improved “is currently unclear,”


Health Care: A Moral Value, A Necessity, An Ethical Dilemma

Fine editorial by a bioethicist James Drane: 

Those opposed to any change in the present U.S. health-care system claim that it is already the best in the world, therefore why change it. In fact, an assessment of all health-care systems by the World Health Organization ranks the U.S. system at 37th in the world, right ahead of Slovenia. Five different performance standards were used to measure health systems.

And:

Although the term public welfare is not used in public discussion of health-care here in the U.S., it does belong, and it is not socialism. Public welfare, in fact, is a term found in the first sentence of the Preamble of the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1788. “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” One purpose of government, stated in the Constitution, is to promote the general welfare. It refers to the goods that all people need to be free and to enjoy prosperity.

And concludes:

In democracies, citizens are responsible for choosing the moral values of their societies. Voters create good societies through good laws and humane policies. When a large percentage of the population lives in abject poverty, when children die unnecessarily, when elderly persons suffer in isolation, when 46 million people have no health care, the common good is not being achieved and the general welfare is not being provided.

Medicynical Note:  Our democracy’ s approach to health care has it’s grotesque aspects;

  • Political parties (and politicians) selling themselves to highest bidder, an action sanctioned by the Supreme Court
  • Sanctioning “free” ER use as an alternative to a health care access for all citizens
  • Actually, over 50 million are uninsured (and rapidly rising)
  • Health Insurers who don’t want to insure those needing health care
  • Pharmaceutical suppliers gouging the sickest and most helpless in our culture

And so on. 

Our health care non-system is already viewed with incredulity in other industrialized nations.  They are amazed that the “leading nation of the world” would tolerate such an abomination.

To Obama’s great credit he’s taken the first faltering steps in leading towards a more rational humane universal health care system.  The question is whether we’ll evolve further into an efficient coherent economical system or de-evolve into a health disaster and a dead end.

Important HIV Transmission Data: Decreased with early treatment

Substantial reduction in transmission of HIV virus with early treatment:

Men and women infected with HIV reduced the risk of transmitting the virus to their sexual partners by taking oral antiretroviral medicines when their immune systems were relatively healthy, according to findings from a large-scale clinical study sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health.

Medicynical Note: The study was done in a population that was 97% heterosexual but it is likely the same benefit would accrue in gay couples.